<html><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; ">
<br><div><div><div>First, on music versus language:</div><div><br></div><div><blockquote type="cite"><div>There were really a pair of issues. One is grouping -- getting from ABAB... to (ABA) ... But the other is reduction -- getting from (ABA) to A. The point of the "Americans care only about Americans" example was that this latter process is also problematic: the mere presence of ABA (as in "Americans care ...") does not automatically license or motivate a reduction to A ("Americans").</div><div><br></div></blockquote></div><div><br></div><div>Dmitri, your analogy between music and language fails in an illuminative way. Beginning and ending the sentence with the same word plays no role for syntactic closure in language. In your example sentence, the subject happens to be the same as the object, but this coincidence has no significance for syntax (only for semantics and rhetoric). In tonal music, by contrast, there is a norm that closed harmonic progressions begin and end with I (I hope you will agree that there is such a norm). If a phrase starts on I and proceeds to other harmonies, we are expecting a convincing return to I until this happens. (If our expectations are not fulfilled and the phrase does not return to I, we do not hear it as closed phrase, but await continuation.) This demonstrates that the referential status of a single element (tonic chord in this case) may have significance for musical syntax in a way that differs fundamentally from that of a single word for linguistic syntax. The perception of the syntax in a tonal progression may be governed by an element in that progression in a sense for which there is no linguistic counterpart. (Closed tonic-to-tonic progressions are by no means the only way to acheive such governing status, but they are a prime example.)</div><div><br></div><div>Owing to this property, music has, in my view, much stronger potential for extensive recursive (prolongational) structuring than has language. Hence, when I received the first mail in this thread, I was surprised to see that someone had claimed just the opposite. Of course, the existence of this recursive potential does not mean that composers have actually utilized it. For studying this question, we need empirical research of their music, and I have tried to present some ideas how this issue may be approached.</div><div><br></div><div>Next, let us return to this example:</div><div><br></div></div><blockquote type="cite"><div><blockquote type="cite"><div><div><br></div><div>(3^) – V (2^) – I (3^) quarter rest / V (2^) – I (1^) – V (2^) q.r. / I (1^) – V (7^) – I (1^) q.r.</div></div></blockquote></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>As an additional feature, let us suppose that the bass line is C2–G2–C2, G2–<b>C3</b>–G2, C2–G2–C2, thus further weakening the I in m. 2 and reinforcing the perceptual analogy between bars 1 and 2.</div><div><br></div><div>A crucial difference between a prolongational and concatenational perception of this progression is as follows. Under prolongational perception (= I (3^) – V (2^) – I (1^), the I in m. 3 offers closure for the entire progression; under concatenational perception, it only offers closure for the I–V–I succession starting from bar 2, beat 2. Frankly speaking, I find the latter alternative utterly unintuitive. (I am not sure whether you agree, Dmitri, but sometimes I almost cannot avoid the impression that, whereas you suspect that I or other analysts may claim to hear something that we do not actually hear, you might be claiming not to hear something that you actually hear.)</div><div><br></div><div>If we accept the prolongational interpretation, this example illustrates that I is not the only harmony that can be prolonged. If we hear tonal closure only in bar 3, the I in bar 2 prolongs the surrounding V. The V at the downbeat of bar 2 creates the expectation of I, but there are stong perceptual reasons why the immediately following I fails to fulfill these expecations in a convincing way. Not only is it rhythmically and registrally weak and surrounded by stronger dominants, but the similarity between mm. 1 and 2 guides the listener to perceive this I in a way analogous to the V in m. 1.</div><div><br></div><div>For testing whether a listener actually perceives tonal closure in m. 3, one might consider the following experiment, though it has a deficiency. Listen to the progression (1) as written above and (2) as a truncated version, breaking of after bar 2, beat 2. If one finds (1) embodying more convincing closure than (2), this speaks to prolongational perception. The deficiency in this experiment is that (2) does not include all the information that supports perceiving bar 2, beat 2 as subordinate to the surrounding dominant, since part of this information comes retrospectively through the return of V (2^) at beat 3. Nevertheless, even without this retrospective information, I find (2) less satisfactory than (1) in terms of closure.</div><div><br></div><div>(The case is different if we break off after bar 3, beat 1. The last V (7^) and I (1^) are actually superfluous for the sense of closure. In fact, one might say that the sense of closure is enhanced if the goal status of the last I (1^) is marked by the cessation of the sequential model.)</div><div><br></div><div>In order to overcome the "I hear this – I hear that – No, you only claim so" type of discussion, I have tried to focus on the compositional evidence that there may be for prolongational structuring. I suggested that if a composer had written the above progression, there would be a certain amount of such evidence. The prolongational model would explain the emergence of several compositional features, including the feature that the composer has stopped the top-voice sequence on 1^—if we suppose that the progression occurs in circumstances that support its perception as a closed entity. (A crucial feature in the explanatory power of the Schenkerian approach to sequences concerns the participation of the framing points in the larger context; in this case, however, we have not identified a larger context.)</div><div><br></div><div>I did not claim that the evidence "proves" the prolongation hypothesis. There might be alternative explanations, but at the very least the facts are well concordant with that hypothesis. For strengthening the case for the hypothesis, we would have to allow for the larger context and for the composer's general practices, but this, of course, is impossible for this artificial example.</div><div><br></div><div>Instead, I presented some observations of the descriptive and predictive power of the prolongation hypothesis for Bach's music. I discussed how a passage in G Major Invention involves several features of design, register, emphasis, and meter that can be elegantly explained on the basis of the hypothesis that Bach had in mind a prolongational pattern II (4^) – V7 (4^) – I (3^). (I do not mean he was consciously aware of that pattern; one does not have to be aware of syntactic or quasi-syntactic rules for following them.) I also related this 4^–3^ pattern to the piece as a whole and to Bach's general practices (referring to "the predictive power of the Urlinie"). My point was that there are objectively identifiable compositional features in Bach's music that can be explained on the basis of the hypothesis that prolongational (=Schenkerian) patterns affected his composition and for which it is not easy to see what would be equally satisfactory theories. While this cannot "prove" the hypothesis, it justifies and motivates it in a way that is largely comparable to any scientific hypothesis.</div><div><br></div><div>(Incidentally, I do not think that my approach to empirical evidence repeats arguments overly familiar from previous Schenkerian literature, although the significance of register and design has certainly been focused on by authors such as Oster and Rothgeb. For example, I am not aware of precursors for my systematic study of the predictive power of the Urlinie for the corpus of 15 Inventions.)</div><div><br></div><div>Olli Väisälä </div><div>Sibelius Academy</div><div><a href="mailto:ovaisala@siba.fi">ovaisala@siba.fi</a></div></div><br></body></html>